Computer Security Essay - 1039 Words

Computer Security Would you be interested in a career where you could make fifty thousand dollars a year right out of college? Would you like to have an extremely secure job? Would you like to create a company as successful as Microsoft or Facebook? If so, a career in computer security may be the field for you. As a high school student, you might be wondering what it would be like to work in the field of networking or database security, as well as compare them to similar fields. Today I will give you some general information that might encourage you to seek a degree in the field of computer science, with a concentration in computer security. My goal is to give you information to help you make an informed decision about whether this†¦show more content†¦He had just finished his associate’s degree in computer science, and had a few network security certifications. He was looking for a part time job, and had originally applied for a job as an accountant at a bank. After working the re for two days, they had a computer failure. When the IT specialist working on it was unable to fix right away, he decided to see if he could help. He quickly found what one of the IT specialists had missed and fixed the problem. Once he fixed their computer system his supervisor started asking him questions about what kind of computers had he worked on and asked one of the other IT specialist to test him to see if he knew what he was doing. Once they checked his basic computer skills they offered him a job as one of the bank IT specialists. Since he hadn’t finished school they told him that he couldn’t move up until he finished his degree. So, while you might be able to get your foot in the door with some practical experience, the best jobs will go to those that have a bachelor’s degree and maybe some certifications in their particular area of interest or specialty. You might be wondering what a security major really does. IT security has to be very careful about keeping their anti-virus software updated and secure. There are about a thousand new viruses created a day and it’s not unheard of to have tens of thousands created in a single day. A good example of this would be last year’s April Fool’s DayShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Computer Security2039 Words   |  9 PagesThe Importance of Computer Security Computer security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection,] and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being trickedRead MoreComputer Security : Key Components Of Pc Security1099 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Security is an issue of critical significance for all associations, considering the way that data frameworks have turned into an essential piece of vital getting ready for all real organizations. Organizations need to find the key components of PC security while arranging their data frameworks technique. Computer security alludes to the assurance given to robotized data structures with a specific end goal to ensure their respectabili ty, accessibility, and secrecy. Computer security includesRead MoreComputer Security And Social Engineering Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesComputer security is a very important topic in today’s world. One does not have to look far to read about data breaches, DDoS attacks, or other computer related crimes. When we think of cybercrime, we usually envision the Hollywood portrayal of technical hackers typing vigorously and wearing dark sunglasses. However, in reality, hacking tends to be much less glamorous. Actually, one critical element is often overlooked by the general public and movies alike; yet, every security professional knowsRead MoreWhat Is Computer Security?936 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT IS COMPUTER SECURITY? The process of preventing and detecting the use of data in the computer by any individuals without authorization is referred to as Computer Security. It is also known as cybersecurity or IT security. It involves the process of protecting computer resources from intruders for their own gains. Anti-virus, firewalls, data encryption, password protection are the main measures that encompass the computer security. It is mainly concerned with four main areas: 1. Confidentiality:Read MoreComputer Security : Computers And Networks870 Words   |  4 Pagesnot use the computer system to â€Å"snoop† or pry into the affairs of other users by unnecessarily reviewing their files and e-mail. Accessing other computers and networks: A User’s ability to connect to other computer systems through the network or by a modem does not imply a right to connect to those systems or to make use of those systems unless specifically authorized by the operators of those systems. Computer security: Each User is responsible for ensuring that use of outside computers and networksRead MoreChallenges Faced By Computer Network Security1501 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- The rapid development in computer network technology leads to the security challenges faced by it at every step of its growth. Three main threats facing computer network security include: hackers, computer virus and denial of service attack. Safety factors of the network are mainly: resources sharing, data communication, computer virus and TCP/IP protocol security flaws. A safety network system should include at least three kinds of measures: legal measures, technical measures and reviewRead More Computer Security Essay3218 Words   |  13 PagesComputer Security In the last few decades, the world saw a revolution in information and technology, and the main factor of this revolution was the computer. Computers made life easier for millions of people all over the world, especially in the United States, where the latest innovations in the field of computers take place. Information circulates with extreme speed, and a person with a computer and access to the Internet can follow what is happening on Wall Street, even if he is thousandsRead MoreComputer Security : An Intrusion Of Security1467 Words   |  6 Pagesintrusion of security What is computer security? Computer security is the procedure which guarantees that the information put away on a machine is not intelligible by other individual without the director s endorsement or approval. Case in point: if the secret key â€Å"class† in cisco switches is made secure then it will be put away to some degree like 5 e08hjn38tyb8 which is elusive out what the real watchword is on the grounds that it is scrambled. What is computer Privacy? Computer protection intendsRead MoreInformation Security And Computer Usage Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesDirector of Information and Computer Technology SUBJECT: Information security and computer usage policies This memo presents the plans for the revision of information security and computer usage polices for Technocracy. The memo will outline discovered security issues and new policies including additional steps, goals and obstacles when implementing them. Previous security issues discovered Security compromises were discovered in information and computer security after the hack of MultiGame’sRead MoreThe Flaws Of The Ieee Computer Security1580 Words   |  7 Pagesusage bugs instead of distinguishing the configuration defects. The IEEE computer security, the main relationship for registering experts had been dispatched a digital security which is activity with the point of growing and raising its continuous association in the field of digital security. In the first venture for the activity was to dispatch the IEEE computer society designs to move happen to the concentrate in security structure discovering bugs to distinguishing basic outline blemishes with

The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost - 671 Words

Robert Frosts poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† describes a traveler facing a choice, he can either choose the road not taken, or he can choose the road most traveled by. He does not know where either road might lead, but in order to continue with his journey, he can pick only one road. He analyses both roads for the possibilities of where each may take him in his journey. Frosts traveler realizes that regret is inevitable. Regardless of his choice, he knows that he will miss the experiences he might have encountered on the road not taken. Frost, uses literary elements, such as Denotation and Connotation, Symbolism, alliteration, consonance, and assonance in order to convey massage. One very effective method alike from Shakespeare, that Frost uses, is Denotation and Connotation, which in conjunction with symbolism give the poem richness and color. Symbolism is used, when the author wants to suggest a certain mood, rather than blasting it out, the author hints the readers throughout symbols.Denotation is what the dictionary says a word means, and connotation, is what a word can make you think of. For example, the denotation of the word â€Å"Road† is: A long, narrow stretch with a smoothened or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle or carriage. While the connotation of this word, is what you choose to do with your life, are you going to choose the path everybody takes, or are you going to forge your own path in life. So rather than just telling us that the two roadsShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in p oetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poetRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost764 Words   |  3 PagesWritten by Robert Frost, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† deals with about making choices in life and how those choices affect your whole life. The meter of this poem is iambic tetrameter, for the most part. In most lines, the meter follows the rule with four iambs, which means that there is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. But the meter is not normal since, in some lines, an anapest, which means there are two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, is substi tuted forRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, one of America’s well-known poets is highly regarded for his realistic illustrations of rural life and poetry which is still relevant in today’s society. After being honoured on numerous occasions, he became one of America’s most popular public figures. Frosts’ poems reflect his greatness and his life in a variety of ways after he was confronted with such despair and grief after the passing of his father due to tuberculosis at just eleven years of age and his mother who passed awayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost995 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can only move forward hoping for the best. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost, 1916. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† a traveler is strolling through the woods and comes across two different roads he could take, and unable to travel both the poet eventually chooses which path to take. The theme con veyed is about making choices. Frost does this through the use of diction, the use of figure of speech, and the use of imagery. To start with, Frost displays the main idea of decision making by the wordsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1055 Words   |  5 Pagesago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, you will come across this question at least once in your life. Robert Frost was able to grasp this raw, vulnerable life changing moment in the palm of his hand. Then he beautifully laid it out in the form of words in the narrative poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost is able to take you back to a time when you have been faced with a life-changing decision. Then, causing you to ask yourself â€Å"Did I make the right choiceRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† was written by Robert Frost in 1916, and it was the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval (Shmoop). Even though it was written many years ago, people of all ages still study this enticing poem. Frost wrote about coming to a fork in the woods and examining which path he should take and whether he might ever come back; the speaker believes each path is fine to take, but he takes the less used path (line 6). He wrote about this decision in clear, standard English. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost is a detailed poem about a conflict in a person’s life, dealing with having to take the right path throughout life. The Narrator of this poem is faced with a predicament when he comes across two paths. The choices that he makes in his life, can alter the future for better or worse. This poem describes his attitude and emotion towards his choices as well as, shows examples of themes, mood, and different literary devices. The title of this poem canRead MoreThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Response 3 Title: The Road Not Taken Text Type: Poem Author: Robert Frost The poem, ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost is about the â€Å"roads† and different paths we take in our lives. Frost wrote about a traveler who had to chose between two roads. He had to decide if he wanted to go down the well used or less used path. In the end, he went down the less used path. The theme of decision making and choices is shown in this poem. I think that this is a way of describing the choices we makeRead MoreRoad Not Taken, Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Burstrem October 7, 2009 The Road Not Taken Life is full of choices and decisions that could ultimately change the outcome of our lives. In the poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler is destined to make that decision. This traveler man has to decide which road to take, one that is frequently traveled, and the one that is not. After contemplating which road to follow, he comes to the decision to take the road less traveled because he doesn’t want to follow inRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1100 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost reflects that poetry â€Å"begins in delight and ends in wisdom†¦.It runs a course of lucky events , and ends in a clarification of life—not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are found on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (931). His poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a clarification of life. This paper will analyze and evaluate the formal elements of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and consid er how these elements work together to fit the author’s purpose and clarification

The Superintendence of Companies - Securities and Insurance

Question: What Are the Regulatory Framework/S Affecting the Multinational Company? What Are The Treaties, Conventions Or Agreements That Have Impacted On The Products Or Services That Multinational Company Provides In Australia? Answer: Introducation: Suncorp Group Limited is a Australian conglomerate with interests in insurance, finance and banking. It also operates in other countries around the world like New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It has its headquarters in Brisbane Australia in Queensland. Suncorp Bank Limited is one of the largest banks in Australia and in other countries in its operations. Secondly, Suncorp insurance group is the largest general insurance group in Australia. The company was formed after a successful merger between Metway Bank, Suncorp and Queensland Industry Development Corporation (QIDC). By the end of the year 2015, Suncorp group limited had a total of 14,500 employees and is listed among the largest individual employer in both Australia and New Zealand. It is also listed in the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and has been performing relatively well despite volatility in banking and insurance industry(Avadhani, 2009). It is also a relatively young company which after it was founded in 1996 has survived mostly through joint ventures and partnerships. Key people in the company include; Ziggy Switkowski- chairman Michael Cameron Group CEO The group operating revenue for the year ending 2015 is A$ 16.72 billion and its operating income rose to A$ 3.48 billion for the same year. Profit rose to A$ 1.3 billion for the same year. The company is doing exceptionally well in insurance and banking and is riding high on the ability of its customers to take more and more of its products. It has remained a market leader due to innovation and product differentiation which are unique. Expansion strategies are also core on the boards and the executive trying to get into new markets and regions. The draft Organic Monetary and Financial Code establishes the strengthening of the private insurance regime and changes its regulation from the superintendence of banks and insurance (SBS) to that of companies, with the entry into force of which will have the name of Superintendence of companies, securities and insurance(Brown, 2017). While the minimum amount for insurance advisors, risk inspectors, claims adjusters and reinsurance intermediaries will be determined by the monetary and financial regulation policy board. The capital will be paid with cash. The monetary and financial regulation policy board may at any time increase the minimum capital requirements. In addition, the regulations establish that the resources for the increase of paid capital will come exclusively from contributions in money that cannot arise from loans or other direct or indirect financing that have been granted by the company itself; Of the legal reserve surplus; Of accumulated profits; And the capitalization of reserve accounts, provided that they are intended for this purpose(Dunning, 2013). Also, insurance and reinsurance companies must invest their technical reserves of at least 60% of paid-in capital and legal reserve in securities of the stock and real estate market, in the segments and percentages defined by the board, through norms of a general nature, seeking an adequate combination of risks, security and profitability. These companies are prohibited from trading securities issued by entities in the private financial sector. The fines imposed by the Superintendence, in no case, will be less than 30 unified basic salaries, nor more than 0.3% of the sales reported by the infringing entity. In order to conclude with the liquidation processes, the superintendent, in accordance with the rules issued by the board, may authorize or arrange for the assets and liabilities of entities in liquidation to be temporarily or irrevocably contributed to a trustee that the assets and liabilities arising from said entities may be jointly managed(Du?wel and Frey, 2012). The Code also establishes that the regulatory board will have the power to set wage limits in companies. Observations on the project The executive secretary of the Australian Federation of Insurance Companies , made several observations on the project sent by the executive. The businessman showed his disagreement regarding the minimum capital regime for the start of operations and raises that for insurance is $ 5 million and for reinsurance $ 8 million. Superintendence of Companies, Securities and Insurance Insurance and reinsurance companies are obliged to contract external auditors, as well as risk rating firms that must be legal entities that will be subject to the qualification standards. The shareholders, board members and administrators will be personally and financially responsible for the deficit that is determined to cover the liabilities of the entity in liquidation(Hill and Hult, n.d.). Functions of the Regulatory Authority Regulating the Insurance Activity To interpret, apply and resolve, for administrative purposes, that related to Mutual Insurance Institutions and Societies. Adopt all measures related to the creation, organization and operation of the National Insurance Institutions, after consulting the Bank of Australia . As examples: Authorization to create a new Insurance Company Authorization to function as an Insurance or Mutual Insurance Company. Authorization of officials of the first two levels in one of these organizations. Authorization of a new branch. Functions of the National Insurance and Bond Commission Supervise, monitor and, if applicable, punish that the operation of the Insurer and Bonding sectors adhere to the regulatory framework. To preserve the financial solvency and stability of the Institutions and thus guarantee the interests of the users. Examples: A) Inspection and supervision of Insurance Companies and Insurance Agents. B) Solvency and Stability of Insurance Companies, solvency margin and reserves. Nonetheless, this law maintains some monopolized insurance contracts in the hands of the Bank of Insurance, that is to say that they can only be contracted with this entity, as is the case of insurance contracts concluded by state public persons themselves (they are not monopolized The insurances contracted by the groups of civil servants of said public persons (Dunning, 2013). That is to say that in spite of the monopoly of the insurance activity, monopolized in the hands of the state entity important areas in the matter. It is singled out as an off-shore insurance operation, seeking as the ultimate goal of the norm the protection of insurance companies legally installed in our country. Its directors or directors may only be individuals. Companies must also require prior authorization, under penalty of nullity, from the Superintendence of Insurance and Reinsurance to transfer the shares, specifying in such request the identity of the new holder(Jachia and Nikonov, 2012). This implies a strict control by the Superintendence of Insurance and Reinsurance of the holders of the shares of insurance and reinsurance companies, trying to control the solvency that is essential in the insurance and reinsurance activity for the interests and purposes involved. Likewise, such companies must adopt social denominations that are clear and that leave no doubt about their nature and individuality, in the opinion of the Superintendence of Insurance and Reinsurance, being prohibited the use of denominations related to the insurance or reinsurance activity by entities not authorized to operate in insurance and reinsurance. The Superintendence of insurance and reinsurance can take corrective measures in this regard and even advise the central bank to arrange the temporary closure of the infringing entities, or their final closure prior authorization from the executive(LANG, 2016). In this sense, it should be taken into account that the balance sheets and financial statements of such companies must be periodically presented for control to the Superintendency of Insurance and Reinsurance and that the investment possibilities of the assets and reserves of the insurers and reinsurers installed In the country as to the form and type of investments that are authorized to carry out, are specially regulated in Circulars issued by the Superintendence of Insurance and Reinsurance. (Odle, 2013) . In the case of multinationals, especially those with Australian origin, this figure and the culture of regulatory compliance and business ethics have come from the matrix to its different divisions. "In the Australian company, you are breastfeeding compliance as something intrinsic to the company," Policy Deposit Insurance entities must file with the banking the model of the policies with their annexes, which are usually offered to the public in advance of the date scheduled to begin their use. Likewise, when making modifications to these models a complete copy must be sent. The Banking deposits in an ordered manner by entity and branch and in chronological order, the models policies and annexes that are sent. Financing of premiums and portfolio provision Insurance companies may finance the payment of the insurance premiums they issue, subject to the following conditions provided that they do not exceed seventy percent (70%) of the total value of the premium paid by the policyholder and without exceeding the Individual limits of indebtedness provided for in (Peng, 2017). The resources with which the payment of premiums is financed must come from the patrimony and other funds that do not correspond to the technical reserves. The planned financing mechanisms cannot be applied to the premiums corresponding to the insurance contracts whose form of payment through this modality was not previously agreed. Insurance premiums not collected in the period foreseen for payment or not financed under the terms and conditions above, must be provisioned according to the current legal regulations. Assignment of Portfolio Insurance companies may transfer their insurance contracts, totally or partially, to another that exploits the corresponding branch. When the assignment is made on twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the portfolio of the same branch, it requires the prior approval of the banking superintendence. The Ministry of trade and foreign affairs has included in the digital library of treaties the instruments celebrated by our country and its institutions during their more than two hundred years of existence. It has been decided to include existing agreements as well as those instruments that are not in force. In order to be able to satisfy the consultations on existing norms there are enormous amount of requests from researchers, historians, non-governmental organizations and other public or private institutions that are interested in the non-binding instruments and agreements. The instruments have not come into force, they have become extinct or are inter-institutional in character. Insurance premiums not collected in the period foreseen for payment or not financed under the terms and conditions above, must be provisioned according to the current legal regulations. The Insurer guarantees the payment of the fixed and non-recoverable expenses and disbursements in which the insured has incurred in connection with the planning, preparation and execution of the event or insured event, in the event of cancellation or postponement of the same, due to any causes unforeseeable and fortuitous and beyond the control of the Insured. Having a good insurance that supports the organization of a congress or convention is practically mandatory. The differential value is the assistance offered to participants in the event of unforeseen events such as: modification of dates, cancellations, medical care, etc. Having a correct coverage for the participants to the congress or convention can determine the savoir-faire of a good organizer, impacting on a positive image for future calls. We study each case, taking into account the specific characteristics, and can ensure, in case of cancellation of the congress, the budget items we consider, the needs of attendees regardless of their origin, as well as atypical situations that are far from the reach of any organizer. At the same time, it is a guarantee for the organizer of the congress or convention; Knowing that it may have a margin of maneuver, if necessary, by having a correct coverage that covers the circumstances that may affect the good development of the event. Also, insurance and reinsurance companies must invest their technical reserves of at least 60% of paid-in capital and legal reserve in securities of the stock and real estate market, in the segments and percentages defined by the board, through norms of a general nature, seeking an adequate combination of risks, security and profitability(Sleeboom-Faulkner, 2010). These companies are prohibited from trading securities issued by entities in the private financial sector. insurance and reinsurance companies are obliged to contract external auditors, as well as risk rating firms that must be legal entities that will be subject to the qualification standards. References Avadhani, V. (2009). Global Business. Mumbai: Global Media. Brown, K. (2017). Taxation and Development - A Comparative Study. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Dunning, J. (2013). Multinationals. Routledge. Du?wel, C. and Frey, R. (2012). Competition for internal funds within multinational banks. Frankfurt am Main: Dt. Bundesbank. Hill, C. and Hult, G. (n.d.). Global business today. Jachia, L. and Nikonov, V. (2012). Risk management in regulatory frameworks. New York: United Nations. LANG, M. (2016). INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN TAX MATTERS. [S.l.]: IBFD. Muchlinski, P. (2007). Multinational Enterprises the Law. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Odle, M. (2013). Multinational Banks and Underdevelopment. Elsevier Science. Onida, F. and Viesti, G. (n.d.). The Italian multinationals. Peng, M. (2017). Global business. Australia: Cengage Learning. Sleeboom-Faulkner, M. (2010). Frameworks of choice. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Waterford Crystal A Case Analysis Waterford Crystal HISTORY OF WATERFO

Waterford Crystal a case analysis Waterford Crystal HISTORY OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL Waterford Glass was started by two brothers, George and William Penrose, in 1783. It was the most notable of all Irish crystal companies. In 1799, the Penrose brothers sold Waterford Glass to the Gatchell family. The crystal industry was prosperous until 1825. Irish glass manufacturers began to slowly close due to high export duties, the economic depression, and a lack of capital. Waterford Glass was the last to close in 1851. It was reestablished nearly a century later by Charles Bacik and Bernard Fitzpatrick. In 1947, they set up a factory in Waterford, Ireland. A turning point in the company's history came in 1950 when Joe McGrath made a sizable investment in Waterford Glass. He invested the capital needed to convert the small crystal manufacturing company into one with the potential to become a major player in the crystal industry. This investment gave his family control for the next thirty-five y ears. Joe McGrath was committed to Ireland and providing jobs for his country. He wanted to reduce the country's high unemployment level. His focus for Waterford Glass was on growing the company through exports to the United States. In 1966, Joe McGrath's son, Paddy McGrath, took over management of Waterford Glass. Like his father, he was dedicated to Ireland and to providing employment opportunities for the Irish. McGrath's quest to provide more jobs for the Irish led him to diversify the company. By 1983, the company had acquired more than thirty non-core businesses. To reflect the expansion, management changed the company's name to Waterford Glass Group. In 1985, Paddy McGrath resigned as chairman of Waterford Glass. Concurrent with Paddy McGrath's resignation, Paddy Hayes was appointed chairman and CEO of Waterford Glass Group. He immediately began to sell off the non-core businesses in an effort to reduce the company's high debt level. Waterford Glass's debt was virtually elimi nated with the issue of American Depository Shares (ADS) on the United States NASDAQ market. On November 28, 1986, Waterford Glass acquired Wedgwood, a two hundred year old manufacturer and marketer of fine bone china. Paddy Hayes was named the chairman and CEO of both companies and Paddy Byrne was appointed CEO of Wedgwood. In 1989, the company's name was changed to Waterford Wedgwood. Three divisions were created as a result of this acquisition: the Waterford Crystal division, the Wedgwood division, and the Creative Tableware division. In 1989, Paddy Hayes resigned from his position as chairman and CEO of Waterford Wedgwood. Paddy Hayes was succeeded by Paddy Byrne as CEO of Waterford Wedgwood. Paddy Galvin was appointed as CEO of Waterford and Paddy Byrne continued as the CEO of Wedgwood. In 1990, the ownership of the company began to shift from Ireland. This was the result of an equity investment made by the Morgan Stanley/Fitzwilton consortium. On April 5, 1990, the workers at Waterford Wedgwood went on strike. The strike occurred when management took steps to reduce high labor costs. The strike lasted fourteen weeks causing significant problems for the local community. In December 1990, Waterford Wedgwood became two independent entities. Concurrent with the restructuring of the company, Paddy Byrne resigned. In September 1991, Waterford introduced a new brand of crystal called "Marquis by Waterford Crystal." THE CRYSTAL BUSINESS Today, the craftsmen of Waterford are supreme artists as they were in the 18th century. Having craft and design skills is the critical element in establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage. The combined skills of the craftsmen create the distinctive patterns known all over the world. The exceptional clarity of Waterford Crystal is achieved through several steps that have remained almost unchanged for over two centuries. Waterford products are manufactured by a strict process of mixing, blowing, cutting and polishi ng. Manufacturing crystal is very labor intensive. Labor costs are generally 50 to 55 percent of the manufacturing costs. Chemicals are mixed to create a unique formula that gives Waterford crystal its special sparkle and light refractive qualities. It is then heated to 1400 degrees centigrade in a natural gas fired furnace for at least 36 hours to produce molten crystal. A blower, using the traditional tools and techniques as in the 18th century, gathers a

Psychology Of The Internet Essays - Social Psychology, Collaboration

Psychology Of The Internet The Psychology of the Internet A Report on the Book by Patricia Wallace Summary of the Book Today, the internet is a growing community. Millions of people from all over the world go online everyday to check email, research, shop, or even just interact with someone halfway around the world. As this community grows, so does the number of interactions between people. The Psychology of the Internet examines the psychology of new behavior produced by this novel method of human communication. It also delves into the business sector of the internet and how certain companies are using this medium to increase productivity within their companies and corporations. Analysis of the Book The book provides several examples of how the internet can affect the quality of an organizations production. When used in the appropriate manner, the internet can facilitate interaction between a group 24 hours a day and is only limited by the availability of a telephone line. The idea that a person must be in work and at his desk for production is becoming more obsolete as companies realize the potential of the internet. One impressive way the internet can help companies is the workgroups that can be formed internationally. A workgroup is a group of employees striving to achieve the same objective. In the traditional sense, these groups are formed in a room with notepads for each person to help them brainstorm and meetings at regular intervals until the project is complete. The internet revolution is changing all of that. The workgroups are no longer governed by the geographical positioning of its members. I found this particularly interesting because the idea of having a supervisor in Manila, a Research and Development team in Cebu, and a sales group in the United States is becoming more of a feasible possibility than ever before. The internet can also help employees overcome inhibitions that they may not be able to in person. This is due, in part, to the amount of social cues that are lost over a computer. In a chat room, for example, the two employees might know nothing about each other, other than the information they provide about themselves. Therefore, any type of social stereotypes (i.e. sexism, racism, bigotry) is less prevalent than if perceived in the real world. If the employees have never met, social irritations may not be as readily triggered than if in person. For example, if I am irritated by a person who stutters when he speaks, the chances that he will do so over the internet are relatively low. This allows me to concentrate solely on the task at hand and not be distracted by insignificant things. The book speaks of how the internet groups, in the absence of social cues and orders, had to find a group identity online. In other words, the lack of social cues also has its drawbacks. Even if the members of the workgroups concede personal information about themselves, such as their race or ethnicity, the other members might have no physical basis for the connection. So if I wanted to bond with a co-worker who was a Filipino in California, I would more likely do it in person than online. This is due to the lack of human contact and the perception that I am merely interacting with my computer and not a real person. With this in mind, workgroups must find new bases for forming group coherence. The book speaks of the studying of several different multinational workgroups. All were given the same objectives to be completed in a given amount of time. However, only a few of the groups completed the task while only one group did it in the allotted amount of time. The study showed that the groups that failed lacked consistent interaction. After the initial meeting, the members of the group did not log on regularly to converse with the group. Emails were exchanged intermittently among these groups as well. The book states that the main reason these groups failed was that the interaction, already reduced by the lack of human interaction on the computer, was limited to almost nothing. On the other hand, the group that fared the best was noted as having the most email interaction and regular group

Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine There are various internal combustion engines in existence. These engines are usually categorized according to their physical layout (inline/ straight, flat/ boxer, V, and W), the number of cylinders they contain (single, twin/ two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, and sixteen), and the type of fuel they use (petrol/ gasoline, gas, and diesel).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So for example, one may come across a ‘V12 petrol engine’ or a ‘four cylinder diesel engine. As can be seen from the two examples aforementioned, all the defining aspects/ attributes of the engines have been captured in their names. Due to the different characteristics (e.g., weight, size, number of cylinders) and working principles (e.g. magneto, coil, number of strokes per cycle, fuel injection or carburetor systems) of internal combustion engines, the different engi ne types are used for a varied number of applications. The following is a small summery of the five most common engine types according to the type of fuel that they use. Gasoline Engines They are also referred to as petrol engines, and as the name suggests, run on petrol. They are commonly used to propel small and medium sized motor vehicles, motorcycles, aircraft, motorboats, lawn mowers, portable electricity generators, and chainsaws. These engines have several advantages which include: -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as diesel engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buyAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale value -heavier petrol engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable ove rtaking maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. b) Gas Engine (Spark Ignition) The term ‘spark ignition’ refers to the use of electric sparks to ignite/ cause fuel to combust. These sparks are developed when a high voltage current is forced to ‘jump’ across a small gap. The phrase ‘Gas Engine’ however, is an ambiguous term which could imply/ refer to an internal combustion engine which runs on either petrol, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), hydrogen, bio-ethanol, methanol, ethanol, or nitro-methane. The advantages and disadvantages of these engines vary slightly from one fuel type to the other, but some common similarities do exist, i.e.:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as di esel engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buy The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale valueAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More -heavier spark ignition engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable overtaking maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. c) Oil Burning Diesel Engines These are basically just normal diesel engines that can be found on an ordinary vehicle. However, instead of running them purely on diesel, the owners of such engines usually add a small amount of used engine oil to the fuel (diesel). This process is commonly done to ships, big/ heavy duty trucks, and tractors. Such engines have various advantages like: -they help in reducing wastage by recycling used engine oil -they are cheaper to run as they use oil which most people have no use for and thus attach no value to them. -they are more flexible as they can run on either diesel or petrol, or even a blend of the two. The disadvantages are that: -they produce a lot of smoke which contributes to environmental pollution -they require special care due to the possibility of damage which might be caused by metal particles in t he recycled oil. d) Gas Diesel Engines The idea of such an engine was necessitated by the need for a fuel efficient engine with minimal resulting harmful emissions. This led scientists to develop an internal combustion engine that incorporated the highly fuel efficient technologies found in diesel engines but ran on the more environmentally friendly petrol. The result is a ‘gas-powered diesel engine’ that is about twice as economical as a petrol engine and cleaner than a diesel engine (Nguyen, 2011). This engine is not commonly used commercially as the technology behind it is still in the research and development phase. The advantages of these engines are that; -it is almost twice as economical as a petrol engine -it has much few carbon emissions than a diesel engine. The disadvantage is that: -it is about twenty five percent less powerful than a regular gas/ petrol or diesel engine at full throttle. e) Dual-fuel diesel Engines, Dual-fuel is a device/ gadget that have b een developed by ‘Clean Air Power’ to work with the standard original equipment manufacturers of standard diesel engines. Dual-fuel works by injecting a mixture of natural gas and air into the combustion chamber of the diesel engine. This mixture cannot ignite spontaneously like diesel under compression by the cylinder; therefore, a small charge (about 10 percent of the total energy of the fuel) of diesel is injected to the main mixture of gas and air to act like a multitude of microscopic spark-plugs that ignites the mixture (Richard, 2010). This technology has been confirmed to work on DAF’s and Mercedes’ heavy duty diesel truck engines. Advantages of these engines are: -they have fewer carbon emissions than standard diesel engines -they can run entirely on diesel alone -they can run on gas -they are more efficient than diesel engines Despite all the differences in working principles of the above mentioned engine types, they all share a significant numbe r of key elements and components. The most obvious element shared by internal combustion engines is the aspect of compression and ignition of a fuel charge. Although the processes involved may vary for different engine configurations (e.g. in a four stroke engine this process occurs over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft, where you have the ‘intake stroke’, followed by the ‘compression stroke’, next is the ‘power stroke’, and finally you have the ‘exhaust stroke’, with each engine stroke taking place over a 180 degree revolution of the crank shaft. In contrast to this, in a two stroke engine this process occurs over a 360 degree rotation of the crankshaft, owing to the lack of dedicated ‘intake’ and ‘exhaust strokes’.), these two elements exist over all engine configurations and fuel types. The most important parts of internal combustion engines (all engines) are the crankcase/ engine block, the pi stons, connecting rods, cylinders, and crankshaft. The crankcase is usually cast or drilled from a light-metal material (usually iron pr aluminum) in order to keep the overall weight of the engine down hence increasing its efficiency. The crankcase, in addition to housing and protecting the crank shaft and connecting rods, also serves as an oil container and a rigid structure for connecting the transmission to the engine (John, 2004). A piston is a part of the engine that moves in a reciprocating manner inside the cylinder/ combustion chamber. It is responsible for the transfer of power produced by the exploding gases in the combustion chamber, to the crankshaft through a connecting rod that is usually attached to it. It also acts as an intake and exhaust valve in a two-stroke internal combustion engine. Earlier pistons were made from cast iron, but the need for lighter engine components resulted to the adoption of cast aluminum alloys (Nazrul, 2013). The cylinder is the top hollow part of the engine block. It is mostly cast from aluminum and iron to minimize on weight. The cylinder in an internal combustion engine acts as a housing for the piston. It also guides the movement of the piston during the various engine strokes, and it is where the combustion of fuel charges takes place. The other component is the crankshaft. It spins in a circular motion in correspondence to the connecting rods’ movements. They also normally act as the output shaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine, and either be connected to a gearbox/ transmission or be bolted on directly to whatever device that needs to be driven. Crankshafts are usually either forged or cast from iron and steel (McFarland, 2009). With the information that has been highlighted in the foregoing documentation, it suffices to explain how internal combustion engines work. First off is the ‘four-stroke petrol engine. When the piston (the yellow part of the image) moves downwards, a vacuum i s created inside the cylinder, the intake valve opens (the blue part of the image), and a charge of petrol mixed with air is injected into the cylinder. This is called the ‘intake-stroke’. After reaching the Bottom Dead Center (BDC), the intake valve closes and the piston starts to ascend, thereby compressing the air-fuel mixture in the process. This is the ‘compression stroke’. At Top Dead Center (TDC), a spark is introduced by the spark-plug and the fuel charge is ignited. This results to expansion of gases inside the cylinder, thereby pushing the piston downwards. This is represents the ‘power stroke’. The piston then begins to ascend, aping the compression stroke. The exhaust valves (the red part of the diagram) open during this stroke to allow the expulsion of burnt gases from the cylinder. This is called the ‘exhaust stroke’. These engine strokes occur over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft (the purple part). A four-s troke diesel engine works in the same manner, the only difference being that during the intake stroke, only air is injected into the cylinder. The air heats-up during the compression stroke, and at TDC diesel is injected into the cylinder and spontaneously combusts when it comes into contact with the hot air. This is the reason why diesel engines do not have spark-plugs. For a two-stroke petrol engine, the previously mentioned processes of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaustion are accomplished with only two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the intake stroke (which is also the power stroke), a vacuum is created inside the cylinder and this forces a mixture of petrol and air to rush in to occupy the empty cylinder as shown by the arrow on the above diagram. The mixture is compressed during the compression stroke (which also serves as the exhaust stroke). At TDC, a spark is introduced and the charge is ignited. The two-stroke diesel engine works in a similar manner, the di fference being that only air is injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke, and that instead of a spark being introduced at TDC, diesel is injected into the cylinder leading to spontaneous combustion of the fuel charge. A fundamental component of the internal combustion engine is the fueling/ fuel system. For a diesel engine, it comprises of a fuel tank, injection pump, and injection nozzles. The injection pump is responsible for delivering highly pressurized fuel to the injection nozzles, which atomize the fuel before injecting it into the combustion chamber. The basic fueling system of a petrol engine employs the use of a carburetor like the one shown below. Air rushes in through the air intake manifold creating a region of low pressure when the throttle is opened. The pressure difference forces a fine jet of atomized petrol to flow from the float chamber, and mix with the incoming air. This mixture then flows into the cylinder where it is ignited by a spark to produce power. The spark is produced by the ignition system which usually consists of a source of electric current (either a battery or a magneto), a condenser, and a spark plug as shown below. The coil draws and amplifies current and the passes it to the condenser which further amplifies it to about 25000 volts before it is sent to the spark plug. References John, K. (2004, ). FPO IP Research Communities.  Crankcase for an internal combustion engine DaimlerChrysler AG. Web. McFarland, J. (2009, February). Crankshaft Tech Let’s Torque About Crankshafts.  CIRCLE TRACK. Web. Nazrul, I. (2013, ). Academia.edu Share research.  Design and construction of a piston for four stroke single cylinder S.I. engine by die-casting | AKM Nazrul Islam -Academia.edu. Web. Nguyen, T. (2011, 23). SmartPlanet Innovative Ideas That Impact Your World.  Gas powered diesel engine may double fuel efficiency | SmartPlanet. Web. Richard, H. (2010,). Clean Air Power dual fuel technology natural ga s components.  DUAL-FUEL TECHNOLOGY. Web.

Developing and Sustaining the Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing and Sustaining the Brand - Essay Example The micro factors include all internal forces like customer satisfaction, the company's financial stability, and the way a product is positioned in the market by the organization. Beyond these, there are external forces at work including the political environment, general economic conditions, legal or regulatory changes, as well as the impact that increasing consumer environmental awareness is making on fuel sources and eco-friendly corporate practice. The author then moves into a section on the development and survival of brands, noting that the standard product life cycle, i.e., introduction, growth, maturity, and decline, are all applicable to a brand as well. The key to survival is adaptation, rejuvenation, innovation, or re-positioning. Adaptation, the author notes, is a long-term process and the article cites McDonald's as a prime example of a brand engaging in adaptation; recognizing cultural demands or health concerns, and tailoring product offerings by adapting to the new ma rket trends. Rejuvenation is a dual-prong process, whereby innovation and repositioning are combined to give a brand a new start. Innovation, the article notes, need not be radical; it can be incremental with minor improvements accumulating over time to result in major differences in the products or services offered.

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operation management - Assignment Example The New Zealand Blood Services has first established a data where they have the locations of all the blood donors and therefore whenever blood is needed, the donors are contacted immediately. The donors list is also regularly updated and this means that they only have the blood donors who are allowed to donate blood. After the process of identification and donation, comes the most critical part which is donation of blood. Blood donation is critical and the goods involved which is blood is normally a precious and urgent commodity hence they source for the most available and fastest means that will allow the blood recipient get their blood. Due care is also needed here such as ensuring that the blood is placed at room temperatures. The blood is then processed and split into the platelets, the red blood cells and the white blood cells which boost efficiency. After this the product is then distributed to all the areas that may need the blood and later it is kept for storage. Inventory of the blood is also taken. Whenever blood is needed, there is normally real time communication between the delivery team as well as those who need it which ensures delivery. The Fast Food business in India is also another example of supply chain that despite not being well organized, has managed to ensure that there is always delivery of the products to the consumer. The system ensures in time product delivery as well as strict measures to ensure that the consumers get what they wanted. The food is normally prepared and put into tins and then delivery men are set to work to ensure that the food reaches the consumers in time. In addition, the food is well labeled to ensure that the food reaches the customer is the right one. Various means of delivery are used ranging from use of rickshaw, trains, and bicycles to the use of bodies to carry the food to the end consumer. In both cases there are various

Research Anaylsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Anaylsis - Essay Example The â€Å"No Child Left Behind Policy in the United States viewed the teachers as dutiful mechanism to foster that so called proven literacy education programs and methods. This follows the â€Å"Do as I do, not as I say† rule. This method implies that students are more likely to perform well and engaged themselves in any activities especially in reading and writing when they learn from teachers who manifest the same traits. Therefore, the competency of teachers being active readers and writers influence the performance of the students. It brings life to the classroom and affects the students interest and enthusiasm to participate in reading and writing and be effective readers and writers themselves. On the contrary these studies can just be a generalization of the whole scenario. The focus of this analysis is the individual experience and approach of an effective teacher. Individual teacher has different attitude, beliefs and practices. Therefore, the teachers individual capacity will affect their performance in sustaining and delivering effective literacy instruction and learning opportunities to students. This is an individual role for them as educators. As a support to this, Susi (1984) found that teachers assumed different positive writer roles and identities as a result of their participation in writers workshops. They experienced the struggles and joys of composing and revising, which, in turn, not only taught them to be more empathetic to the experiences of their students, hut also "humanized" them to their students. Therefore, the extent of what the teachers would facilitate to their students could be determined by their own experiences. It is absolutely hard to teach something when in fact, a person does not have enough knowledge regarding that subject matter. This is further supported by the report of some other researchers stating that more diverse teacher self-concepts as writers from

Free And Fair Elections Politics Essay

Free And Fair Elections Politics Essay Free and fair elections and functioning electoral systems are the quintessence of democracy. Elections are used to ensure popular support and legitimacy for those who make governmental decisions.  [i]  An electoral system is the set of processes that determine how political candidates are elected to office. These procedures include the ballot structure, how citizens cast their votes, how those votes are tallied, and how the winners are determined.  [ii]  Electoral systems are important in many ways. First, they have significant political consequences. Electoral systems shape the nature of parties and party systems, and they affect the behavior of politicians and the strategies of voters.  [iii]   Additionally, electoral systems have a strong effect on the number of parties and consequently on the nature of competition in the party system. Electoral systems also affect the ways parties are organized and how they function internally. In addition, electoral systems also reveal the preferences of politicians and shape politicians behavior.  [iv]  Brazil pdf Accordingly, there are a small number of states in the world that have very similar electoral or voting systems but continue to have dissimilar amounts of political parties. These similarities and differences are best illustrated when comparing the United States and France. Despite similar electoral systems, France has numerous political parties while the United States has only two major parties. It would be anticipated that France and the United States would contain a resemblance in its electoral system based upon the information that the original French charter was inspired by the U.S. constitution.  [v]  Essentially, both states use a first past the post, winner takes all style of electing their Presidents. The United States also uses a unique system called the Electoral College to select a President from available nominees.  [vi]   This paper will seek to analyze the similarities and differences between France and the United States electoral systems. Firstly, the party system will be compared; secondly the electoral process itself, afterwards the heads of state, the question of reforms and finally the information provided will be summarized. Party System The structure of the party system in France is quite unique compared to other democracies. France has a multi-party system as opposed to the two-party system in the United States, and within those multiple parties, there is a great variety of internal organization.  [vii]  It was in France that the distinction between left and right first appeared and it is there that this distinction is of particular importance. However, the country has developed a multiple party system, so that the differences between left and right are far from clear. The parties have arranged themselves traditionally in the structure of the National Assembly, from the extreme left to the extreme right. The reason for the numerous amounts of political parties is for the most part historical. Successive regimes have passed, leaving their defenders as political parties or factions.  [viii]   Therefore, each party then can be identified with a preferred constitutional form and they each have their own particular ideology. France has gone through a succession of revolutions and regimes in which the new order never succeeded in entirely eradicating the advocates of the old. The older doctrines and their defenders have found that the Cartesian tradition, which is a tendency to pursue theoretical distinctions to the end, has encouraged their survival.  [ix]   The Third and Fourth Republics knew two electoral systems, both of which encouraged proliferation: proportional representation which assures each tiny party of its share of representation and therefore does not discourage the voter from exercising a marginal differentiation in casting his vote, and the single-member constituency system combined with the second ballot which encouraged a multiplication of candidates, and therefore of parties, especially on the first round. This system of many parties inevitably produced political weakness and cabinet instability.  [x]   Now, in the Fifth republic, (enacted in 1958), the electoral system in France depends on the size of the municipality. In municipalities with more than 3,500 inhabitants, the first half of the seats is allocated on the basis of absolute majority and the dHondt method of proportional representation is used to distribute the second half of the seats between lists that received at least five per cent of the votes. Municipalities with up to 3,500 inhabitants elect councils on the basis of absolute majority.  [xi]   In contrast, the American system as previously stated, is based on a two-party system, even though third parties exist. This results in clearly defined political lines in the United States, without the formal need for coalition-building often required to create a ruling majority in a parliamentary system.  [xii]  One factor contributing to the two-party system in the United States is the single-member district system of electing Representatives. Single-member meaning means that whoever receives a plurality of the vote (that is, the greatest number of votes in any given voting district) is elected.  [xiii]   Moreover, the Republican and Democratic parties are the two main political parties in the U.S. The Republicans and Democrats have dominated American politics since the 1860s, and every president since 1852 has been either a Republican or Democrat.  [xiv]  Despite that fact, so-called third parties and independent candidates remain a part of American politics. Most third parties have tended to flourish for a single election and then die, fade, or be absorbed into one of the major parties.  [xv]   Presidential Electoral Process The national election for the president of the United States is held every four years. These elections are far from straightforward in terms of its organization. The procedure for a national election goes on for a year.  [xvi]  A party must present nominated people to stand for election. Of  those nominated, only one is selected by the party delegates at the national convention. This person then goes on to represent that party in the national presidential elections. The running mate for the presidential candidate is also announced. Moreover, the structure of primary elections can differ from state to state. Some delegates are elected in a straight first-past-the-post system while other states use a form of proportional representation to give a greater spread of representation among the delegates sent to a national convention.  [xvii]  The delegates, when at a convention, vote for a candidate to run in the presidential election. After the national conventions, the two partie s presidential hopefuls can focus on campaigning for winning the presidential elections.  [xviii]   A unique feature of the American system is the Electoral College. When Americans vote for a President and Vice President, they actually vote for presidential electors, together as the Electoral College. The Constitution assigns each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives delegations; at present, the number of electors per state ranges from three to 55, for a total of 538. It is these elector-candidates, rather than the presidential and vice presidential nominees, which the citizens vote for in the election. In most states, voters cast a single vote for the slate of electors pledged to the party presidential and vice presidential candidates of their choice. The slate winning the most popular votes is elected; this is known as the winner-take-all, or general ticket, system. Separate ballots are cast for President and Vice President. The electoral vote results are counted and declared at a session of Congress. A majority of elec toral votes (currently 270 of 538) is required to win.  [xix]  In the recent American elections in 2008, Democratic candidate Barack Obama won the election with 53% of the popular vote along with 365 electoral votes over Republican candidate John McCain.  [xx]   In comparison, in the French system, candidates for the Presidency must obtain 500 sponsoring signatures of elected officials from at least 30 departments or overseas territories. The post is directly elected in a two-stage voting system. A candidate who receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round is elected. However, if no candidate receives 50%, there is a second round which is a run-off between the two candidates who secured the most votes in the first round. Nicolas Sarkozy, from the ruling UMP, won the second round of the Presidential election in May 2007. He gained 53% of the vote, finishing six points ahead of his Socialist rival, Sà ©golà ¨ne Royal.  [xxi]   Duties of the Head of State The constitution of the French Fifth Republic was approved by public referendum on September 28, 1958. It greatly strengthened the powers of the executive in relation to those of Parliament. Under this constitution, presidents were elected directly for a seven-year term since 1958. However, beginning in 2002, the presidential term of office was reduced to five years and a constitutional reform passed on July 21, 2008 which limits presidents to two consecutive terms in office. The president names the prime minister, presides over the cabinet, commands the armed forces, and concludes treaties. Traditionally, presidents under the Fifth Republic have tended to leave day-to-day policy-making to the prime minister and government; the five-year term of office is expected to make presidents more accountable for the results of domestic policies.  [xxii]   On the contrary, the American presidents chief duty is to make sure that the laws are implemented. Presidents appoint all cabinet heads and most other high-ranking officials of the executive branch of the federal government. They also nominate all judges of the federal judiciary, including the members of the Supreme Court. Their appointments to executive and judicial posts must be approved by a majority of the Senate. The president is also the commander in chief of the US military and has unconstrained authority to direct the movements of the navy, land and air forces. The president has the power to make treaties with foreign governments, though the Senate must also approve such treaties by a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president has the power to approve or veto bills passed by Congress, though Congress can override the presidents veto by summoning a two-thirds majority in favour of the measure.  [xxiii]   Electoral System Reform? With respect to proposals by some American scholars and policy makers to get rid of the U. S. Electoral College system, most reformers advocate for a direct popular vote in the French manner and most also advocate a runoff (also like the French system) in the event that no candidate receives majority support (or or a lower figure such as 40%) in a first round election. But there are many Americans who believe that two presidential elections within a period of a few weeks would be too much.  [xxiv]  Moreover, The French are starting to embrace the concept of having primaries like the Americans. Even though these are not yet systematically organized, they are helpful in sorting out the candidates of each political party. In 2006, for example, the Socialist Party fielded three candidates, and party activists chose one of them, Segolà ¨ne Royal, to represent them. It is not that unlikely to see that same process expanded in future presidential elections.  [xxv]   Conclusion While comparing United States government to French government there are many similarities and differences discovered. To reiterate, France and the United States citizens elect the president of the republic, and both democracies do it by universal suffrage.   The French, on the other hand, prefer a direct election. In other words, a two-round electoral process in which any French citizen can become a candidate given that they collect 500 signatures endorsing their candidacy. The Americans however have a different method. Every state chooses by popular vote a list of electors, each of whom represents one candidate. The list pledged to a candidate who wins a simple or absolute majority of votes takes all of the states Electoral College seats (essentially winner takes all).  [xxvi]  This two-step election process takes into consideration both American demographics and political equality among the states of the Union, which is quite different from the French system.  [xxvii]  Fr ance is a representative democratic republic like the United States. France differs from the United States in political organization. The difference is that the political power in France is split between the president and a prime minister, who leads the political party that holds majority in Parliament.  [xxviii]   In addition, France is characterized by its multi-party system, whilst the United States is seen as a two-party system, even though third parties do exist. Also, Relations between France and the United States have become friendlier after Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of France. In 2007, Sarkozy delivered a speech before the U.S. Congress which was a strong affirmation of French-American friendship. During his visit he met with President George W. Bush as well as Senators John McCain and Barack Obama. This visit took place before the two senators were chosen as party nominees.  [xxix]  Both also met with Sarkozy in Paris after securing their respective nominations in 2008; after meeting Obama in July, he was quoted saying Obama? Cest mon copain which means Obama? Hes my buddy. Because of Obamas and Sarkozys relationship, relations between the two countries are expected to improve further.  [xxx]  

Civil Disobedience Paper Essay

Throughout US history, there were many occurrences performed by people that helped define American Identity. Some of the many aspects that helped evolve characteristics of American identity are civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and immigration. Historical happenings throughout time helped create how the US is today, and why certain freedoms are allowed. Civil Disobedience is one of the important aspects of american identity. Harriet Tubman played a great role in performing civil disobedience involving her freeing slaves. Harriet had a huge bounty on her head and still she rebelled against the law, rescuing more slaves. Henry David Thoreau also performed a part in the act of civil disobedience when he refused to pay taxes, because of his opposition to the Mexican-American War. He wrote an essay Resistance to Civil Government stating that citizens have the right to disobey the law if the law was considered unjust. Furthermore, Woman’s rights is another example of civil disobedience. Women weren’t treated as equal as men and were denied the right to vote. In 1848 the Declaration of Sentiments had 12 resolutions that called for equal treatment of women and men under the law and voting rights for women. Overall, civil disobedience plays a huge role in American identity. Freedom of religion is another aspect that highlights american identity. Many people came to America in search of religious freedom. Colonists wanted a chance to worship freely and have a religion they wanted to take part in. When the pilgrims came to American their goal was to escape the persecution of the puritans. Later on many religions began to disperse everywhere and therefor, population began to grow in America. The Salem Witchcraft Trials, and the Great Awakening of the 1730s played a great role in influencing freedom of religion. America became a refuge for those who wanted religious freedom and became a home to the many people that had the chance to improve their lives. Overall, religious freedom is a huge aspect defining American Identity. Since before America’s founding, immigration has been part of the American identity. In 1845, potato famine in Ireland stopped plants from growing and many families were starved and wished for an escape, nearly 3.5 million Irish migrated to America during the 1820s through the1880s. The Irish weren’t the only immigrants that migrated to America. The Germans had come to America during World War 1 in order to better their lives. Immigrants with money would buy farms in the country, and immigrants with very little money would stay in the city, mainly in New York. By 1855, New York homed at least seventy percent of the New York population. Many immigrants have come to America and still have many coming in and out of our country nowadays. Overall civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and immigration are just a few of the many traits given to the US over time. Because of all these happenings that have occurred in the US, we as citizens have many rights. Here in the US we are known to have different yet unique identities, all thanks to the acts of rebelliousness and righteousness throughout US history.

2.5 work file Essay

Directions: Complete the food safety interactive quiz. Use the information from the interactive quiz to complete the following responses regarding food safety practices. For each of the following food safety practices, share at least 2 statements from the interactive quiz. Be sure to put these statements in your own words and explain why they are helpful in preventing food borne illness. An example would be: When dining from a buffet, make sure hot food is hot and cold food is cold. Food that is 40 – 140 degrees Fahrenheit has already begun to grow bacteria and pathogens. Clean (16 points): 1. After handling raw meat, poultry, fish, or eggs wash your hands because you can get a foodborne illness. 2. Rinse fruits and vegetables with running tap water before eating, cutting, and cooking to reduce amount of bacteria present. Separate (16 points): 1. Keep many foods separate to avoid cross-contamination. It is the transfer of harmful bacteria from foods to other foods. Especially, when handling raw meat, eggs, or poultry. 2. Be sure to wash your counter and utensils with hot, soapy water to kill bacteria. Cook (16 points): 1. I f you leave cooked food out for 8 hours, throw away the food. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay Bacteria can grow rapidly and cause illness when it has the nutrients it needs. 2. You can a hamburger is cooked when you use a food temperature and the internal part of the hamburger is 160 F. Chill (16 points): 1. Freezing food should be kept and 0 F and below because it inactivates microbes- bacteria, yeasts, and mold. 2. By refrigerating foods at cold temperatures, you keep bacteria from multiplying. In your own kitchen, explain 2 food safety practices you feel your family can improve and 2 food safety practices you feel your family does well. (16 points) 2 food safety practices are: Run fruits and vegetables under tap water before cooking, eating, and cutting. Refrigerate food when not being used because bacteria forms rapidly. 2 safety practices: Wash utensils with warm, soapy water. Clean your counter with warm, soapy water to kill bacteria. In what ways do your school and community practice or promote food safety to contribute to your personal health? (20 points) They contribute to this by reducing pollution and cleaning up the community. By doing these little things, it can help my lungs be full of oxygen and not pollutants and cleaning up the community can save my life my protecting fish that I eat.

Courtesy Titles and Honorifics

Courtesy Titles and Honorifics Courtesy Titles and Honorifics Courtesy Titles and Honorifics By Mark Nichol There was a time when it was considered proper form to refer indirectly to people in writing with a courtesy title or an honorific a designation that identifies gender, profession, or title of nobility. That time, to the great relief of writers everywhere, has passed. Of course, in direct address in a salutation, or when otherwise referring to someone in writing (as in a transcription) it is and perhaps always will be proper to identify people with such markers: â€Å"Mr. Smith,† â€Å"Captain Jones,† â€Å"Doctor Williams,† â€Å"Reverend Taylor,† and so on. But with few exceptions, such terms are obsolete when referring to people in the third person. The custom was cumbersome, requiring writers to be sure they knew more about a person that was perhaps necessary (or relevant): Is Mr. Smith a mere â€Å"John Smith,† or is he â€Å"Colonel John Smith (ret.)†? And is a woman a â€Å"Mrs.,† a â€Å"Ms.,† or a â€Å"Miss† and why does it matter? Likewise, does Captain Jones hold that specific naval rank, or is she commander of a naval vessel or installation and therefore called â€Å"Captain† in recognition of her status as a commanding officer even though her actual rank is different, or is she the owner of a sailboat? Is Doctor Williams a medical doctor, or did he earn a doctorate? Is Reverend Taylor’s status as a member of the clergy relevant to that person’s mention in an article or a book? Though the New York Times persists in using courtesy titles (except in editorials and feature articles), this is a rare quirk bordering on obsolete affectation. Of course, courtesy titles are appropriate on first reference to a person: â€Å"The Reverend Robert Taylor† (or, in newspaper style, â€Å"Rev. Robert Taylor†) should be identified as such when introduced. (Alternatively, the introduction may be more relaxed: â€Å"Robert Taylor, pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church.†) But the crux of this post is that on second reference that’s editor-speak for any reference beyond the first one no courtesy title or honorific is necessary, and it’s simpler to avoid using one. A few examples follow: â€Å"John Smith was present at the meeting, she said. . . . Smith [not â€Å"Mr. Smith†] spoke on the topic during the public-comment period.† â€Å"Captain Mary Jones took command of the ship in 2010. . . . Jones [not â€Å"Captain Jones†] is a twenty-five year navy veteran.† â€Å"She appealed to Doctor James Williams. . . . Williams [not â€Å"Doctor Williams†] responded encouragingly.† â€Å"The Reverend Robert Taylor officiated at the wedding. . . . Taylor [not â€Å"Reverend Taylor†] reminded the bride that he had baptized her.† In narrative nonfiction or in fiction, of course, a subject or character might be referred to habitually as â€Å"Captain Jones† because that is how people actually refer to her, as when the owner of a fishing trawler is widely known in a community perhaps few even know her first name or in the case of a naval officer always so addressed by crew members. The same exception applies to other courtesy titles, even â€Å"Mr.† and â€Å"Mrs.† or â€Å"Ms.,† which, unlike the others, are always abbreviated. Ultimately, however, the burden of proof is on whether a courtesy title should appear on second reference and the answer is usually no. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections"Replacement for" and "replacement of"The Two Sounds of G

Free Essays on The Altar

and indentation. Though the poem begins to take shape in the form of an altar in later editions as seen in Appendix B, C, and D. The textual features of the poem in later editions begin to resemble an altar according to western and modern images. In the eebo, 1975, and 1996 editions the shape of the poem is emphasized by various... Free Essays on The Altar Free Essays on The Altar Textual Differences in The Altar Shortly after his death in March 1633, George Herbert ¡Ã‚ ¯s poems were first published in, The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. Full of biblical references his images are often liturgical. Notably, George Herbert is known for his poems  ¡Ã‚ °Easter Wings ¡Ã‚ ± and  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ±, which are shaped to resemble the object evoked by its title. A pattern or concrete poem is the visual text imitating the title of the poem. In fact Herbert ¡Ã‚ ¯s poem  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± is part of a continuation of the poem,  ¡Ã‚ °The Church-porch ¡Ã‚ ± and proceeds to a section called  ¡Ã‚ °The Church ¡Ã‚ ± from which the poem is taken. From its original manuscript and first publication in 1633 to present time, the poem  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± has been subjected to and endured numerous editing processes. This paper will focus on the different editions of the poem,  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± and explain the textual features of the earlier representati on(s) of the text in relation to the recent representation(s) of the text. Shaped in the form of an altar the poem,  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± is formed in a couplet; aabbccdd  ¡Ã‚ ­ in the earliest edition (Appendix A) the poem does not completely mimic the image or shape of an altar. Actually the indentation of certain lines adds to that observation. Lines three to sixteen are indented some more than others, whereas lines one and two are the only exception. The retype of the poem from the original manuscript does not exactly mimic the shape of an altar, especially in the middle portion, lines five to twelve. However, it does remain true to the textual words and indentation. Though the poem begins to take shape in the form of an altar in later editions as seen in Appendix B, C, and D. The textual features of the poem in later editions begin to resemble an altar according to western and modern images. In the eebo, 1975, and 1996 editions the shape of the poem is emphasized by various...

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cultural Event Report - Essay Example t shows (as any Museum should) it was also plainly obvious that it was also the mission of the Air and Space Museum to impress you with the resources of the American government, and the American people and what they have done for air and space travel generally. Many of the exhibits were historical in nature, such as Amelia Ehardht’s plane, or rockets used to get people into space, or return vehicles from the mission to the moon. While I attended, however, there was an exhibit going on Entitled â€Å"NASA ART: 50 Years of Exploration,† which detailed art that had been made as a result of NASA’s effort. Two of these pieces struck me especially, â€Å"Fluid Dynamics† by Tina York and â€Å"Remembering Columbia† by Chakaia Booker. They are basically at opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of what they do artistically, but both are incredibly interesting, and show the immense influence science has on our culture. â€Å"Fluid Dynamics† was a very interesting piece: the artist spent several years working with NASA scientists research fluid dynamics before making it, and was trying to represent the motion that is inherent in his field of study through a still medium (Smithsonian 2011a). It really showed the huge impact that science has on art: we understand natural beauty, but science can help simulate it better, and can create a huge influence on the mind of the artist. â€Å"Remembering Columbia† was, as mentioned previously, on the opposite end of the spectrum. It consisted of strips of rubber worked together to almost look like a bow (as in on a present, not the weapon), or a knot – or possibly an atom. This piece has physicality to it, and was created to remember those who lost their lives on the Columbia disaster in 2003 (Smithsonian 2011b). The pieces of rubber included those collected from the tire of the space shuttle itself, which were donated for the cause. This shows how deeply space exploration has entrenched in our culture: astronaut are

The Marketing Mix Marketing Communications Analysis (Promotion) Assignment

The Marketing Mix Marketing Communications Analysis (Promotion) - Assignment Example In its effort to create strong consumer awareness, Axe has adopted TV commercials, billboards and magazine adverts. This has been achieved through application of humor in its adverts. For example, in one of its adverts, the products depicts that when a consumer uses it he will see seven Snow Whites rather than Seven Dwarfs. To improve its publicity, Unilever adopts public releases that are aimed at improving consumer perception towards its brands. Through the public release, the company identifies Axe as a cool, stylish and fashionable brand. One of the major strategies that Axe has implemented in its creation of strong customer relationship is sponsoring of various events including youth festivals and music shows. In such events, the brand freely interacts with males aged 17 to 25 years who are its key target market. The humor that is portrayed through its adverts travels from a user to the other. In this way, Axe deodorant has successfully created a positive product- consumer relationship that is vital to face of its rivals in the contemporary competitive business environment. Through its websites, Unilever gives notification to its consumers regarding new products in the market. In order to ensure effective communication with its customers, Axe has emulated social sites such as Face book, Twitter and Orkut thus initiating a feedback mechanism through which consumers can give their views on the promotional programs adopted by the brand. Additionally, Axe deodorant initiated a Call Me Campaign (Virginia Sole-S 23). According to this promotion technique, consumers are advised to call 9987333333 so as to communicate with Axe Girl known as Tanya. As a result, consumers are eligible to win prizes such as iphones and

Issues Related to Social Security Fund Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues Related to Social Security Fund - Essay Example In 2012 balance of payment in the fund was 57.3 Billion dollars on the plus side after paying complete liabilities which shows good situation of the fund. However 2012 Trustees Report has projected calculations according to which the fund will collapse by year 2033 due to downward trend in wages and excessive borrowing by Treasury. There have been speculations by financial experts according to which the fund lacks strength to sustain itself over coming decades despite current value of $ 2.7 Trillion quoted by National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare ( 2012 ) . According to There is one opinion that it is unfair to charge the same amount from a billionaire and the one earning $110,000 per annum . The fixation of earning limit is known as Payroll Cap, which is required to be enhanced to $ 250,000 to keep it progressive for the next 75 years, according to few analysts. According to senator Bernie Sanders quoted by Common Dreams Website (2012) â€Å"Social Security Fu nd faces no risk†. Currently 55 Million American benefit from the fund. Although the income may be as low as $ 23000 for a couple, in many cases this is the only source of income they have in the old age. In this back drop the fund is saving millions from poverty in old age and remains one of the best social programs in American history. The significance of program can be judged from the fact that before it half of senior citizens lived under poverty whereas after its launch only 10 % live under that line. The current discussion about the program is related to budget deficit in USA. Few financial experts have proposed that in order to balance the budget a cut should be introduced on social security fund and other programs like Medicare and Medicaid etc. President Bush introduced tax cuts for two years in 2010 which will expire in the end 2012. There is a debate that these tax cuts be made permanent despite the fact that over next 75 years loss in revenue due to taxation would be twice as great as shortfall in social security fund. For long-term solvency in Social Security Fund an early decision by lawmakers is necessary to spread cost over decades and give savings confidence to people retiring over the years. The budgetary cuts imposed now will have economic impact on American Nation in the decades to come therefore extreme caution is required while making changes in legislation. People who were born in baby boomer era would be entering retirement bracket in current decade therefore there would be a bigger pressure on Social security Fund. However it is upto the policy makers to guide the Nation in the correct direction. Why was the article written about the topic at the current time? The article has been written at the current time due to following reasons. First of all Bush Administration enacted the Taxation laws in end 2010 for two years, the limit of this law would have terminated by end of 2012 however it has been extended by President Obama accord ing to Jennifer (2012) . This means payment of more taxes in the name of Social Security and other related programs. Since Social Security Fund is already surplus to the tone of $ 57.3 Billion after paying liabilities, there has been a demand to slash down the fund. Historically it is common for this fund to exceed liabilities therefore reduction in this fund to balance the budget (due to recession) is being demanded which is not logical in the long term effects on dependents of fund. How

Race and Crime Essay Example for Free

Race and Crime Essay Are minorities continually being unfairly arrested, tried and punished as a result of racial discrimination or do minorities just commit more crimes? In order to determine if disparity or discrimination is the cause of current over representation of minorities in the criminal justice system we have to study race, ethnicity and past discriminatory judicial practices. Are the historical discriminatory practices and past laws the cause of the systematic imbalance of power in relation to race, class and discrimination within our society that leads to more crime among minorities today? There are many theories on why, how and even if race discrimination plays a significant role in explaining the current arrest and incarceration rates of minorities in the United States. Social strain theory, because it also involves the most restriction to important social aspects of society is the one I most agree with. In my experience restricted access to social and cultural capital is the cause for higher than expected crime rates among our citizens who lack these two important aspects of crime control. The inability to achieve success based on societies’ definition causes stain and alternative ways of thinking to achieve that level of success, which is sometimes outside the confines of the law. The term race has traditionally referred to the biological differences of mankind. The differences that distinguish us by the color of our skin, hair texture and certain physical features determine what race we are. Some experts contend that race is just a social construct and people are classified and labeled by the culturally dominant group in that society. This type of classification system tends to imply that one race is inferior to another (Walker et al pg 6). The term minority is used for any race that is less in numbers than the race in power. Currently in the United States the â€Å"majority† is considered to be Caucasian and the â€Å"minorities† are African Americans, Hispanics, Arab Americans, etc. There have been many historical examples of minorities being unfairly treated within the confines of our judicial system. â€Å"Race discrimination and social and economical inequality have a direct impact on crime and criminal justice† (Walker et al, pg 78). In the southern states during the 1800’s barriers were created in the laws to separate nonwhite persons from the majority, white persons called the Black Codes. These codes created a legal line of separation stating where blacks could and could not go in public, what land they could own and how they could earn a living. The term, Color Line encompassed everything involving what water fountains and bathrooms â€Å"coloreds† could use and where they could stand or sit in public spaces. The Jim Crow laws of the 1900 were also racist laws and actions that deprived African Americans civil rights, claiming blacks were inferior to the whites and were lower class people. â€Å"The colored sign was the most visible mark of inferiority imposed upon African Americans by the Jim Crow laws† (Davis PhD). The punishment for breaking these laws and codes were mob lynching, serving prison time on chain gangs and debilitating debt imposed by sharecropping attempts to make a living (Davis PhD). Previous laws and codes set the stage for economic inequality of minorities in the United States. Income, wealth, unemployment are the standard measure of economic inequality. â€Å"All of these measures indicate deep and persistent inequality in society generally and with respect to race and ethnicity† (Walker et al pg, 79). In order to determine if race discrimination has the major contributor to minority over representation in the criminal justice system we must rule out the idea of disparity being the cause of overrepresentation. The concept of disparity in the criminal justice system refers to differences in say incarceration rates of a certain race but not because of systematic race discrimination. Disparity is a way to explain the high numbers of minorities as criminal perpetrators with legitimate factors. These factors could include, minorities commit more crimes, not because police officers, judges and juries are racists. Crime arrest and convictions could be solely based on legal factors. These legal factors include the seriousness of offense, mitigating circumstances and previous criminal records. These factors opposed to extralegal factors that include race, class, gender and lifestyle (Walker et al, pg 18). If arrest and conviction rates were based solely on legal factors with no weight given to extralegal factors, a high minority count would be considered disparity not systematic discrimination on part of the criminal justice system. To determine if only legal factors and not extralegal factors are the cause of an overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system much more research needs to be conducted. If the cause of high incarceration rates is because of disparity instead of discrimination there is one theory I feel explains why there is disparity. The Social Strain Theory explains the causes of disparity among minorities that leads to higher rates of arrests and incarceration rates. â€Å"Robert Merton’s social stain theory holds that each society has a dominant set of values and goals along with acceptable means of achieving them† (Walker et al, pg 92). If success in life is measured by your social status, involving what you own, where you live and who you know then that is your personal goals for success. The ways to achieve this success are seen as hard work, education, self-control and as individual achievements (Walker et al, pg 92). If the American dream is not realized by a group of people because of societies inability to provide equal levels of educational and work opportunities to achieve success it results in what Merton’s calls social strain. Merton’s theory of social strain addresses the gap between what society views as success and a persons circumstances are for trying to achieve that success. (Walker et al, pg 92). Social strain helps to explain high rates of criminal activity among minorities because minorities are more likely to be denied legal opportunities to obtain the American dream by legal means. â€Å"The high levels of economic inequality experienced by minorities, together with continuing discrimination based on race and ethnicity, mean that minorities are far less likely to be able to achieve approved social goals through conventional means† (Walker et al, pg 93). In conclusion I believe minorities do commit more crimes today, but that is because of a history of discrimination and blocked opportunities to achieve social and cultural capital. The ruling class, the majority, because of past-institutionalized and systematic discrimination has created what we have today, a disparity among minorities involved in our criminal justice system. Therefore even though we have curbed contextual and individual acts of discrimination we have yet to address past discrimination in a meaningful way while still upholding the law. Bibliography Davis, Ronald L. F. Ph. D. California State University, Northridge. Creating Jim Crow. History of Jim Crow retrieved on June 2, 2011 from http://jimcrowhistory. org/history/creating. htm Lafree, G. Russell, K. K. (1993). The argument for studying race and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 4, 273-289. Walker, S, Spohn, C, DeLone, M. (2007). The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Wadsworth Publishing Co.

From Lullus to Cognitive Semantics: The Evolution of a Theory of Semantic Fields :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

From Lullus to Cognitive Semantics: The Evolution of a Theory of Semantic Fields ABSTRACT: The domain of cognitive semantics-insofar as it deals with semantic neighborhood and semantic fields-is discussed from a historical perspective. I choose four distinct stages in the evolution in philosophy of language: Raymundus Lullus and his Ars Magna (14th century); Giodano Bruno and his artificial memory system (16th century); Charles Sanders Peirce and his diagrammatic logic (19th century); and, Kurt Lewin and his topological psychology (20th century). Their proposals furnish steps toward a kind of space-oriented model of semantic neighborhood and semantic fields. Linguistic developments since 1920 (field linguistics) and more recently in cognitive semantics are compared to the evolution in the frame of philosophy as put forth above. The result is that we criticize cognitive semantics insofar as the field does not reflect the philosophical work done since Raymundus Lullus, which is highly relevant for contemporary cognitive science. Introduction Although field-semantics was only created at the beginning of the 20th century, some of its major features have precursors dating back to antiquity. Two disciplines have contributed to it: logic on the one hand and models of the world / cosmology on the other hand. My specific concern will be the rise of a space-orientated concept of a semantic field because, as the word "field" indicates, the ideas of dimensionality (one two- or multi-dimensionality) lies at the heart of the image-schema "field" in its theoretical use. 1 The circular fields of Llull The first systematic spatial organization of lexical items (their concepts) was put forward by Raymundus Lullus (Ramà ³n Llull: 1232-1314). All conceptual systems of his Ars Magna are arranged in a linear order with (normally) nine segments. Since the extremes of this 'belt' are joined, we have a circular field. Every concept has two neighbours, and by adding specific figures (triangles, squares, etc.) one can join three, four, etc. concepts to create a sub-network. The concepts of an area of knowledge may be organized into a set of such nine-tuple 'fields'. On top of all the more specific conceptual fields (arrays of nine concepts), stands a universal field, which contains those qualities of God that are at the origin of all further entities and their concepts. The semantic system has an ontological and metaphysical foundation in the tradition of Aristotelian and medieval logic. The idea that concepts/words form linear arrays, that the extremes may be glued together, and that a hierarchy of such arrays exists, is a first realization of 'field-semantics'.